This study focuses on the work The Muslim Population of the World: Statistics Based on Documentary Evidence by Mübarek Galib Eldem, the Republic's first Director of Culture, and assesses its historical, statistical and political significance. Published by the Ministry of Education of the Grand National Assembly Government between 1922 and 1923, it is one of the first comprehensive statistical studies to examine the global distribution of the Muslim population across Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas and Australia. Drawing on Western sources and Ottoman yearbooks, Eldem presents the numerical distribution of Muslim communities, their sectarian differences, and their conditions under colonial administrations in the form of detailed tables. Despite the limited data available at that time, the work provides a reliable demographic framework.